Cosmos Episode 1 Viewing Worksheet

Universe Episode 1 Viewing Worksheet Once in for a little while, it is important to have a film day in class. Maybe you have a substitute educator and need to ensure your understudies are as yet learning and strengthening ideas youve been considering. Different occasions require a compensation of a film day or as an enhancement to a unit that might be especially hard to get a handle on. Whatever the explanation, an extraordinary show to watch on these film days is Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey with have Neil deGrasse Tyson. He makes science open and energizing for all ages and levels of learning. The main scene of Cosmos, called Standing Up in the Milky Way,â was a review of science from the earliest starting point of time. It addresses everything from the Big Bang Theory to the Geologic Time Scale to Evolution and Astronomy. The following are questions that can be duplicate and stuck into a worksheet and changed as fundamental for understudies to fill in as they watch Episode 1 of Cosmos. These inquiries are intended to check comprehension of the absolute most significant parts while ideally not detracting from the experience of watching the show.  Universe Episode 1 Worksheet                           Name:___________________  Headings: Answer the inquiries as you watch scene 1 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey  1. What is the name of Neil deGrasse Tyson’s â€Å"spaceship†?    2. What is liable for making wind and keeping everything in the close planetary system in its grasp?    3. What lies among Mars and Jupiter?    4. How enormous is the hundreds of years old tropical storm on Jupiter?    5. What must be developed before we could find Saturn and Neptune?    6. What is the name of the shuttle that has ventured to every part of the farthest away from Earth?    7. What is the Oort Cloud?    8. How a long way from the focal point of the Milky Way Galaxy do we live?    9. What is the â€Å"address† of Earth in the universe?    10. Why do we not know yet on the off chance that we live in a â€Å"multiverse†?    11. Who composed the restricted book that Giordano Bruno read that gave him that the Universe was vast?    12. How since quite a while ago was Bruno imprisoned and tormented?    13. What happened to Bruno after he wouldn't adjust his perspective on his convictions of an unbounded Universe?    14. Who had the option to demonstrate Bruno right 10 years after his passing?    15. How numerous years does one month represent on the â€Å"cosmic calendar†?    16. What date on the â€Å"cosmic calendar† did the Milky Way Galaxy show up?    17. What date on the â€Å"cosmic calendar† was our Sun conceived?    18. What day and time did human precursors initially develop on the â€Å"cosmic calendar†?    19. What do the most recent 14 seconds on the â€Å"cosmic calendar† speak to?    20. How numerous seconds back on the â€Å"cosmic calendar† did the two parts of the world locate one another?    21. How old was Neil deGrasse Tyson when he met Carl Sagan in Ithaca, New York?    22. What is Carl Sagan generally popular for?

Human resources case study assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR contextual investigation task - Essay Example IN 2013 all out income created by Babcock was 3.2 billion pounds. Trust to bring best of the items, administration and long haul an incentive for investors. Important issue which I see in Babcock is sex proportion in workers, larger part of the representatives are male and just 20% of representatives are female which is certifiably not an excellent number. Female portrayal in any association gives a gentler picture to the world and another viewpoint is that female strengthening shows a much positive methodology of an association. Babcock should concentrate on this female recruiting to advertise Babcock in business part. Another negative purpose of Babcock is that they are impervious to change, business division has one principle and that is versatility, business development relies on updating and adjusting new styles patterns and techniques in the event that they are useful for organization so Babcock needs to grow business by taking Babcock to various nations. This report will conce ntrate on blemishes which are available in Babcock’s structure and in the event that they dispose of those imperfections, at that point Babcock will develop as twofold speed as it is currently. To lead any examination work it is important to survey the writing of the investigation. The writing audit gives us data about the work done in the particular territory with hypothetical system on which the recommended arrangement of the issue can be constructed. The writing on the issue is to some degree scattered from various sources to improve comprehension of the issue under examination (KRÄMER, RINGLING and YANG, 2006). A short audit of the writing is given as: An understudy bookkeeper( September 2008) in his paper clarified how business process is significant for characterizing business methodology and proposed courses through which association can examine execution of their previously existing approaches and strategies and how they can change and improve the current framework so as to meet the

The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder

The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis Print The Kindling Theory and Effect in Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Braun S/Getty Images If someone with bipolar disorder goes untreated for a period of years, could he or she begin to experience rapid cycling bipolar disorder or become resistant to treatments for the condition? If normal life stressors initially set off bipolar episodes in someone, in time could episodes of the illness appear in that person without any such triggers? Some research says the answer to these questions is yes, and some clinicians have speculated that the reason may be a process that has been termed kindling. However, the most recent research into the theory of kindling and bipolar disorder indicates the evidence for this theory is weaker than originally thought. Still, the concept of kindling in mental illness may fit into other ideas about the mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder. What Is Kindling? Most people think of kindling when building a fire: You use smaller, more flammable pieces of wood to help catch on fire the larger pieces, which dont ignite as quickly or readily. But kindling also is used as a term in medicineâ€"specifically, in epilepsy and in bipolar disorder. The phenomenon of kindling in epilepsy was first discovered by accident by researcher Graham Goddard in 1967. Goddard was studying the learning process in rats, and part of his studies included electrical stimulation of the rats brains at a very low intensity, too low to cause any type of convulsing. However, after a couple of weeks of this treatment, the rats did experience convulsions when the electrical stimulation was applied. Their brains had become sensitized to electricity, and even months later, one of these rats would convulse when stimulated. Goddard and others later demonstrated that it was possible to induce kindling chemically as well. The name kindling was chosen because the process was likened to a log fire. The log itself, while it might be a suitable fuel for a fire, is very hard to set ablaze in the first place. But surround it with smaller, easy to light pieces of woodâ€"kindlingâ€"and set those alight first, and soon the log itself will catch fire. Kindling in Bipolar Disorder Dr. Robert M. Post of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is credited with first applying the kindling model to bipolar disorder. Demitri and Janice Papolos, in their book The Bipolar Child, describe this model as follows: ... initial periods of cycling may begin with an environmental stressor, but if the cycles continue or occur unchecked, the brain becomes kindled or sensitized - pathways inside the central nervous system are reinforced so to speak - and future episodes of depression, hypomania, or mania will occur by themselves (independently of an outside stimulus), with greater and greater frequency. Thus, brain cells that have been involved in an episode are thought to be more likely to do so again, and more cells may become sensitized over time. The theory also holds that its possible to stop the process through aggressive treatment. Could Kindling Play a Role in More Severe Illnesses? Some researchers have speculated that kindling contributes to both rapid cycling and treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, and this theory also could be consistent with cases where cycling began with definite mood triggers, stressful or exciting events, and later became spontaneous. In addition, it has been shown that substances such as cocaine and alcohol have their own kindling effects, which could, in turn, contribute to bipolar kindling. In fact, it was the knowledge that cocaine causes seizures that led Dr. Post to connect kindling in epilepsy with mood disorders after he had studied the unexpected effects of cocaine on severely depressed patients. The kindling theory has been borne out by some research observations. For example, the more mood episodes someone has, the more difficult it is to treat each subsequent episode, possibly because more brain cells are sensitized and involved. However, the best-designed studies in the field of bipolar disorder dont provide strong backing for the kindling theory. Still, regardless of what future research finds about the kindling theory of bipolar disorder, its clear that early diagnosis and prompt, appropriate treatment are key to improving outcomes for those with the condition. How Bipolar Disorder Is Treated

10 Facts About the Conquest of the Inca Empire

Essay on Queen Elizabeth I Changing the Course of England

The Tudor Monarchy is one of the most well known monarchies of English history. It is so well known primarily due to Henry VIII, all of his wives, and his desire for a male heir to the throne of England. Because of Henry VIII, England received one of its best monarchs, Queen Elizabeth. There were a great number of obstacles and unfortunate events that Elizabeth went through as a result of her parents. Although Queen Elizabeth I faced many difficulties, including both coming to the throne and during her reign, she was a great ruler with many successes that changed the course of England and its history. Elizabeth’s father was King Henry VIII. Many of Henry’s decisions and actions had an effect on what Elizabeth would be required to†¦show more content†¦He could never allow that. He desired to have a male heir in order for the line to continue its growth. A female provided too many risks. Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn and decided that he wanted to divorce Catherine. He tried and tried to get the Pope to approve his divorce stating that because she had been married to his brother, the marriage was never legal. However, he had received permission from the church to marry Catherine. Therefore, the Pope found excuses to not permit the divorce for seven years (Ridley 20). Henry was determined to obtain the divorce, so he had Parliament cut down on the amount of power the Papacy had in England. Anne found out that she was pregnant in January of 1533. The knowledge of the pregnancy forced Henry to marry her. This caused a big problem. It was imperative that his divorce to Catherine happen soon. In May of 1533, Henry was granted permission to divorce Catherine. After they were separated, Henry was excommunicated, splitting England and the Roman Catholic Church. To the disappointment of the people, Anne was named Henry’s queen the following month (Ridley 21). When the people found out that Anne was pregnant, they were very excited and eager to find out the gender. Anne gave birth to the baby one afternoon in September. Henry was told it was supposed to be a boy. This caused him to make orders for a great event for when the baby came home. The birth of theShow MoreRelatedElizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots1688 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots During the sixteenth century there where many conflicts which occurred between Catholics and Protestants. The Kings and Queens of England especially kept on changing between both religions. This made it very difficult for the people of England to choose a religion because laws kept on getting changed in regard to practicing religion. When Elizabeth I became Queen she became the new defender of the faith, thus making Protestantism the official religion. OneRead MoreBritain s Political And Religious Structure During The Tudor Era1657 Words   |  7 Pagesorganising the Field of The Cloth Of Gold. This was a festival planned to celebrate the alliance between England and France, with both monarchs, Henry VIII and Francis I strengthening their relationship. The treaty of London was also a huge accomplishment for Wolsey, as he was the one who designed the 1518 treaty. It was a non-aggression pact between the major European nations, (France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spai n, Burgundy and the Netherlands), all of whom agreed not to attack oneRead MoreHigher Powers Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pagessecond wife, Anne Boleyn costed Elizabeth I her mother. She had to grow up without her mother and her credibility is taken away since she is considered illegitimate. Henry’s ruthlessness caused him to care only about his own interests instead of the interests of his people and his own children. The reason he needed male heirs was due to the fact that he believed a woman could not become Queen and rule as well as a male or as wisely as a male. His daughter Elizabeth proved him wrong. Henry VIII wasRead MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth’s Treatment of Catholics2400 Words   |  10 PagesQueen Elizabeth’s Treatment of Catholics The reformation of England had been a long drawn out affair dating back to King Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy in 1534. By the accession of Elizabeth in 1558, many historians believe that she inherited a country, which was still predominantly Catholic in belief. Although people of South Eastern England were likely to be influenced by the peoples of Europe, who were experiencing reforms, Doran (1994) suggests that the number of Protestants accounted forRead More Imperialism And India Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout history, many nations have implemented imperialism to enforce their will over others for money, protection and civilization. India was no exception. Since its discovery, Europeans were trying get a piece of Indias action. In many cases England was the imperial, or mother country. Since India was put under imperialism, a great deal of things changed, some for the good, mostly though for the bad. Between 1640 and 1949, India was ruled by two periods of imperialism, both of which effectedRead MoreHenry David Hwang ( M. Butterfly )1558 Words   |  7 Pagesbook in England and in America by March 1991, by selling more than 100,000 copies in the United States alone. Warner Brothers credited the film rights in 1991, and the playwright Henry David Hwang (M. Butterfly) has written the screenplay. The novel became a film by the same name in 2002. While Random House, Byatt’s American publisher, requested her to reduce some of the poetry and place explanation-the novel is 555 pages in hardcover-she rejected. Agreeing, however, to make a trivial, effectiveRead MoreColonization of the New World3463 Words   |  14 PagesColonization of the New World The discovery and colonization of the â€Å"New World† was one of the most significant and influential events in the known history of mankind. It has shaped our present by changing the course of our past and is a time of such great significance that it would be all but impossible to understand today without at least some comprehension of the why s of yesterday. What was it that drove such a myriad of people to risk so much to tame the wild and vast lands we now knowRead MoreFour Products case study Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Four Products Case Question 1. Which of the four products are you most optimistic about in terms of likely success? Why? Answer: I really like two ideas presented in the case: Stave Jigsaw Puzzle and Polytrack. Both are dealing with big money and luxury; while one is aimed to please, impress and entertain real â€Å"big wallets† owners, the other seems to be a real innovative breakthrough in equestrian sport. Stave Puzzle attracts me with a perfect match of the target market – rich fine people whoRead MoreChanging Hierarchies in Early America Essay3881 Words   |  16 PagesChanging Hierarchies in Early America In â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity,† John Winthrop proposes to change the existing social and economic hierarchy. The old world social hierarchy divided the classes based on wealth and property. The highest class consisted of the king and royal family, then followed by the bishops. Next on the hierarchy were the nobles, gentlemen, and the wealthy. And at the bottom of the hierarchy of course, were the poor. Because of this extreme division, there was no middleRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante Gabrielle Rossetti Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesTim Mitchell Mr. Berkoben English IV 26 October 2016 Dante Gabrielle Rossetti Rossetti was a man of many talents that accomplished many things in his lifetime and changing the way people looked at things on art, poetry, writings, sculptors, and politics. Changing the way people looked at the certain aspects of the world, Rossetti also faced hardship and grievances with conflict in his life. Strong enough to push through it, he was a man of wonders that unfold as he grows. This essay will explore

International Business Strategy, Metro Cash Carry

Background After building a successful global operation including stores in Russia and China, Metro Cash Carry (MCC) are struggling to transplant their business model in India. This demonstrates the importance of local political backing in emerging markets and how a successful model (e.g. a political welcome and direct supply from farm to store) wasn’t followed. Despite sales growth, expansion in India has been disappointing predominantly because of restrictions in buying directly from farmers and poor PR. Analysis of MCC competitive advantage Metro’s success has been built upon its home-grown business model, backed by having an ability to be first to market. Utilising detailed market research to identify the needs of its customers†¦show more content†¦These small businesses didn’t target cafes and restaurants but predominantly retails stores. By invitation of Moscow’s forward thinking Mayor, who had witnessed Metro’s businesses in other countries, MCC was able to be first to market. The mayor believed that Metro would improve Moscow’s distribution system, create flexible taxation and reduce black market sales. The company was seen as a saviour and with full political backing went about developing an infrastructure which modernised the city and cleaned up the supply chain. Such was the political backing that the opening of an MCC store became an occasion for celebration with the status of a grand opening. MCC transformed Moscow’s distribution system and the company gained a reputation for being pioneering. Local people were happy as they had choice, quality, cleanliness and good prices. Local producers were happy as infrastructure and distribution were improved, wastage was reduced and investment was on a large scale. Government was happy as the city was being modernised and taxes being collected through appropriate channels and black market trading was being challenged. MCC will remain ahead of the competition by defining stores, lines and products specifically by demographic helping to maintain their strong market share. MCC accepts that there is strong competition in Russia but they are confident of keepingShow MoreRelatedMetro5620 Words   |  23 PagesBUCHAREST UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FACULTY (ENGLISH Section) Analysis of Metro GroupInternational Business project | | Students: CusturÄÆ' Ruxandra Gabriela Imre Botond Munteanu Teodora Metro Group 1. Description of the company 1.1 Field of activity Metro AG, is otherwise known as  Metro Group, established in 1964 by  Otto Beisheim. It is a German global diversified retail and wholesale/cash and carry group based in Dà ¼sseldorf. It has the largestRead MoreMetro Cash and Carry2086 Words   |  9 PagesMETRO Cash and Carry Executive Summary: Metro Group, Germany’s largest trade and retail group, is a major international player with sales of over â‚ ¬55.7 billion by 2005 and continued plans for substantial international expansion. Metro group is organized into four business units: †¢ Real/Extra: Everyday retail hypermarket †¢ Kaufhof: Upmarket department store chain †¢ Media Market/Saturn: Leading Electronics Retail Chain †¢ Metro Cash and Carry ‘Metro Cash Carry’ stands for one of theRead MoreMetro Cash Carry1021 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen MCC’s key competitive advantages as it has moved into emerging markets? Metro Cash amp; Carry ´s key competitive advantages were that it was often the first mover as it was the first wholesaler that worked with the cash and carry system, offering a wide range of products and having a non-traditional marketing approach that makes feel the customers as they were a member of a special â€Å"club†. For its international expansion the company created skills, especially when entering into emerging marketsRead MoreMetro Cash Carry1008 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen MCC’s key competitive advantages as it has moved into emerging markets? Metro Cash amp; Carry ´s key competitive advantages were that it was often the first mover as it was the first wholesaler that worked with the cash and carry system, offering a wide range of products and having a non-traditional marketing approach that makes feel the customers as they were a member of a special â€Å"club†. For its international expansion the company created skills, especially when entering into emerging marketsRead MoreInternational Operation Management Essay3948 Words   |  16 Pages4/15/2011 SUMBITED TO: | Sir.Randolph Johnson | improvement analysis | international operation management | Contents: Page no Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Service design process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Product design and process design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Capacity management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Quality management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMetro Cash and Carry20761 Words   |  84 PagesTable of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Company Profile 4 Company History 6 Vision 8 Mission Statement 9 Business Concept 11 METRO Cash amp; Carry Pakistan 12 Organizational Structure 14 Industry amp; Competitors’ Analysis 15 Industry Analysis 15 Competitors’ Analysis 17 Makro-Habib Pakistan Limited 17 Hyperstar Pakistan 18 Literature Review 20 Research Question 26 Research Methodology 29 Analysis amp; Findings 32 Survey Questionnaires’ AnalysisRead MoreStrategic Planning on Imtiaz Supermarket2912 Words   |  12 PagesRecruiting * Lack of Training * Stressful Environment | * Improper Marketing Campaign * Instable Pricing | * Warehousing * Improper Merchandising * Poor Fixtures amp; Density * Lack of Space | * Official Website * Lack of electronic cash counters * Lack of Retail and Inventory management software. | Preliminary Analysis | Human Resource Management | High Employee Turnover | The factors contributing to high employee turnover are low wages and improper balance between work andRead Moretraditional and modern food systems7791 Words   |  32 PagesParis; P. Moustier is at CIRADMalica, Hanoi; N.D. Poole is at the Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London; P.T. Giac Tam is at Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City; and A.P. Fearne is at the Centre for Supply Chain Research, Kent Business School, Canterbury (corresponding author: n.poole@imperial.ac.uk; Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5AH). They wish to thank the French Ministry of Agriculture, CIRAD, ENGREF and the BritishRead MoreCase Study : The Cato Corporation4823 Words   |  20 Pagescompetitors, and describe its mission statement, general strategy, target markets, product mix, and positioning. The strengths and weaknesses of the Cato Corporation will be discussed in detail. I have researched the company’s financial reports. There will be a financial analysis of the company comparing its present to past two years’ performance and to the performance of its major competitors. Consideration of domestic, foreign, and international environment and factors like government, culture, demographicsRead MoreLow Cost Airlines Strategy7730 Words   |  31 Pagesincreasing oil rates and the turmoil that the airlines’ industry is currently in, Mallya needs to come up with a strategy to make best of the low cost carrier. He also needs to pull out the airlines of the losses it has been making since the past few years. Objective The objective is to study the current scenario in the Airlines Industry in India and to analyse the possible strategies that Kingfisher Airlines can adopt to increase the market share of Kingfisher Red to be the market leader in the

A Midsummer NightS Dream Essay On Love Example For Students

A Midsummer NightS Dream Essay On Love A monologue from the play by William ShakespearePUCK: My mistress with a monster is in love.Near to her close and consecrated bower,While she was in her dull and sleeping hour,A crew of patches, rude mechanicals,That work for bread upon Athenian stalls,Were met together to rehearse a play,Intended for great Theseus nuptial day.The shallowest thickskin of that barren sort,Who Pyramus presented in their sport,Forsook his scene and entered in a brake. When I did him at this advantage take,An asss nole I fixed on his head.Anon his Thisby must be answered,And forth my mimic comes. When they him spy,As wild geese that the creeping fowler eye,Or russet-pated choughs, many in sort,Rising and cawing at the guns report,Sever themselves and madly sweep the sky;So at his sight away his fellows fly,And at our stamp here oer and oer one falls;He murder cries and help from Athens calls.Their sense thus weak, lost with their fears thus strong,Made senseless things begin to do them wrong,For briers and thorns at their apparel snatch:Some, sleeves some, hats; from yielders all things catch.I led them on in this distracted fearAnd left sweet Pyramus translated there,When in that moment (so it came to pass)Titania waked, and straightway loved an ass.

Video Games Do Enhance Learning Ability

Technology has entered human’s life quite recently, but has already occupied an important role in it. Technology enables people to improve living standards and give more opportunities for further development. Apart from this technology is also excessively used for entertainment purposes. Thus, children spend a lot of time playing video games instead of learning or even playing with peers in playgrounds. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Video Games Do Enhance Learning Ability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This evokes many disputes about the negative impact of video games on the development of children. However, nowadays researchers have come to the opposite conclusion and claim that video games can and do develop children’s learning skills and improve their academic performance. At this point it is necessary to stress that not only educational video games produce positive effects but all kind of games can be beneficial for development learning abilities in children (Bavelier et al., 2010, p.696). In fact, some scholars state that educational games are too formal and do not contain the number of effective factors as developed environment, visual effects, entertaining component, etc. Numerous surveys has proven that wise use of such technological tools as video games motivates children to study and develops their cognitive skills. It is necessary to point out that the use of technology can be fruitful for teenagers and pre-school children. Researchers state that video games develop various skills which are useful for children’s learning among which are attention, memory, motor control and cognition. Of course, it is essential to balance the use of technology in children’s life since video games abuse can lead to negative consequences, but it is necessary to note that any kind of abuse is harmful. Thus, balanced use of video games in children’s l ife does enhance their learning abilities. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that the use of video games during classes motivates children greatly. Thus, Ting Seng Eng (2005) claims that students are interested in such kind of activity and become concentrated while fulfilling their tasks, and this inevitably contributes to their academic performance improvement (645). It goes without saying that students are attracted by the entertaining part of video games. According to Gentile (2005) children find video games â€Å"highly motivating; by virtue of their interactive nature, children are actively engaged with them; they provide repeated practice; and they include rewards for skillful play† (10). Thus, students are encouraged to play a game and learn the necessary material at the same time. On top of that, children perceive and memorize information better which is proved by numerous researches. For instance, recent surveys reported that the introduction of educ ational video games into mathematic classes at high school resulted in â€Å"significant benefits on benchmark mathematics tests† (Bavelier et al., 2010, p.697). By all means, the use of video games is fruitful for children at early age. For example, pre-school children will play a video game learning some material rather than listen to it from their teacher. Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to stress that while conducting some tasks of a video game children have an opportunity not only learn some new material but use it in different virtual situations. Of course, video games cannot substitute all other classroom activities but they do motivate children to train their skills and obtain more knowledge to fulfill different tasks. Apart from mere motivating function the use of video games contributes to the development of children’s cognition activi ty. Thus, Bavelier et al. (2010) stress that video games enhance children’s ability to â€Å"learn to learn† (697). Li and Atkins (2004) also reported about the improved cognition skills in children who played video games as compared to those who did not play such games (1721). Interestingly, this fruitful effect is not produced by some particular educational games, but video games in general. In fact, any video game develops cognition skills since children have to accommodate to new factors and environments while playing. They gain new experiences and try to learn from their mistakes. Of course, these experiences are virtual, however, the skills of accommodation and learning is likely to be transferred to the real life situations. Thus, children learn how to take into account their previous experience and respond rapidly to new conditions. By all, means these skills are extremely useful not only for education but other spheres of life as well. Besides, the use of te chnology in adult life is inevitable, so children who are, so to speak, acquainted with technology will be more prepared for tasks they will face in future. Many researchers used to warn people that video games can cause the lack of attention during classes and decrease ability to concentrate on more important tasks. However, now many surveys prove that the use of video games contributes to the development of attention in children. Playing games makes children be more attentive since to fulfill the task they should mind every detail. By all means, children want to win and this makes them be very attentive. These skills (attention and concentration) are of great importance for study. Students become more attentive and more precise while completing their academic tasks. Of course, this does not mean that children remember that details count in video games and understand that they should be precise while fulfilling other tasks. However, playing games children train their ability to c oncentrate, so they subconsciously become attentive and concentrated on particular academic assignments. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Video Games Do Enhance Learning Ability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Bavelier et al. (2010) reports children who play video games â€Å"show significantly increased attentional skills as compared with those who do not† and, furthermore, â€Å"some measures of attention, such as the temporal dynamics of attention† in children at age from seven to ten years old â€Å"function at adult levels, indicating significant deviations from age-related norms†(697). It is necessary to add that Bavellier et al. studied the impact of action games, so these data also prove that playing video games contributes to the development of useful skills (attentional) which improve academic performance. Reportedly, video games have positive impact on the developmen t of memory in children (Ting Seng Eng, 2005). It is quite obvious that children should memorize some information while playing video games. They keep in mind passwords, possible action patterns, and many other data. Thus, it is a good training of memory. Bavelier et al. (2010) claim that children â€Å"also exhibit better visual short-term memory† (696). Besides, the necessity to memorize some information while playing video games makes children work out successful patterns of information storage. Every child tries to remember this or that piece of information and again subconsciously find the necessary way to memorize the necessary amount of data for the necessary period of time. Of course, such skills are extremely important during their study. It is also important to point out that video games contribute to the development of motor control skills. For instance, Gentile (2005) provides an example when â€Å"playing a golf video game improved college students’ act ual control of force when putting, even though the video game gave no bodily feedback on actual putting movement or force† (10). Of course, at early age the improvement are also observed. Interestingly, Bavelier et al. (2010) report that In 2009, the Royal Air Force stopped requiring that only trained pilots control unmanned drone flight missions and opened its door to less experienced young gamers, after studies indicated that the best drone pilots were often young video game players. (697)Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, improved motor control in game players is easily explained by their precise movements during a video game. It is necessary to add that apart from driving video games, any other video game can contribute to the development of motor control skills. Of course, some researchers argue that video games cause such negative effects as â€Å"obesity, video-induced seizures, and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, and carpal tunnel syndrome† (Gentile, 2005, p.10). However, all these negative effects are possible only in case of video games abuse. Admittedly, any activity (even the most useful and healthy like sport activities and learning) can lead to the development of various disorders when it is abused. Nevertheless, the threat of video games abuse can be easily diminished by parents and teachers. It goes without saying that parents should restrict the time for playing games. Teachers should also be very attentive while using such technology during classes. They should remember that video games should be supplementary and cannot substitute other activities. Apart from video games abuse Gentile (2005) articulates one more concern about video games, i.e. the development of aggressive behavior since many video games contain a lot of violence (10). This can and should be also controlled by parents. They should be aware of the content of video games their children play. Moreover, parents should play active and decisive role in the choice of such games. In this case, video games will be beneficial for children since they will develop their memory, attention, motor control and cognition skills without producing any negative effect on them. In conclusion, it is possible to point out that many researchers study the impact of video games on children’s academic performance. Some scientists provide evidence of negative effect of video games but at closer look it become clear that these effects are produced not by technology use itself but by the abuse of technology. On the contrary, nowadays numerous researchers prove that playing video games (educational as well as other types of video games) in most cases positively influence children’s academic performance. Thus, video games help children to train their memory, attention, concentration, motor control and cognition. Apart from this video games contribute to the development of students’ motivation. Such findings are very valuable for educators since they can use this knowledge and start using technology during classes more effectively. Moreover, educational video games producers can also take into account the latest researches in the field and make their products more effective. Thus, the evidence of video games positive impact on learning skills in children gives people more opportunities to develop new teaching techniques and find more ways for motivating children to gain knowledge. Reference List Bavelier, D., Gre en, C.S., Dye, M.W.G. (2010). Children, Wired: For Better and for Worse. Neuron 2010, 67(5), 692-701. Gentile, D. A. (2005). The Effects of Video Games on Children: What Parents Need to Know. Pediatrics for Parents, 21(6), 10-11. Li, X., Atkins, M.S. (2004). Early Childhood Computer Experience and Cognitive and Motor Development. Pediatrics, 113, 1715-1722. Ting Seng Eng. (2005). The Impact of ICT on Learning: A Review of Research. International Education Journal, 6(5), 635-650. This research paper on Video Games Do Enhance Learning Ability was written and submitted by user Ernesto Zimmerman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I

Me, Myself, and I While looking back over the years, rummaging through pictures and memories, people seem to realize how much they have changed. I know that who I am now is not who I used to be. I am a sixteen year old junior attending Desert High School, I am happy with who I am and who I want to be, I love sports, and I love being around others, especially my friends. However, when I look back to when I was fourteen year old freshman attending Desert High School, a mere two years ago, I was not happy with my life or where it was going, sports seemed to be a job, and all I could do was wait for the day to end so I could be by my self, back in my room. Looking back on then while seeing now, I realized that I have evolved into an entirely different person. The summer between eighth grade and freshman year brought about a lot of change for me, the biggest being my family moving from Fort Irwin to Edwards AFB. From the day we got here all I wanted to do was leave, and being new here, I had no friends; I was still unable to let go of my old home. My inability to cope with the change of moving, combined with the fact that I had no one to talk to, caused me to fall into depression. This depression caused my self-esteem, which was very high while living at Ft. Irwin, to plummet, this, in turn, causing me to be anti-social. The only escape I had from this downward spiraling path was sports, and even this was very little help. I disliked everyone on my teams, they disliked me, and the only reason I played was to spite them. So, one must ask themselves, what caused this change? What caused the change from the depressed, anti-social freshman to the happy, fun-loving junior? Many things caused me to transform from who I was then to who I am now. After a few months I started to become accustomed to Edwards AFB; I began to see the good in my new home. I credit my realizing how good Edwards AFB could be to the fact that I had finally made some f... Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I Me, Myself, and I While looking back over the years, rummaging through pictures and memories, people seem to realize how much they have changed. I know that who I am now is not who I used to be. I am a sixteen year old junior attending Desert High School, I am happy with who I am and who I want to be, I love sports, and I love being around others, especially my friends. However, when I look back to when I was fourteen year old freshman attending Desert High School, a mere two years ago, I was not happy with my life or where it was going, sports seemed to be a job, and all I could do was wait for the day to end so I could be by my self, back in my room. Looking back on then while seeing now, I realized that I have evolved into an entirely different person. The summer between eighth grade and freshman year brought about a lot of change for me, the biggest being my family moving from Fort Irwin to Edwards AFB. From the day we got here all I wanted to do was leave, and being new here, I had no friends; I was still unable to let go of my old home. My inability to cope with the change of moving, combined with the fact that I had no one to talk to, caused me to fall into depression. This depression caused my self-esteem, which was very high while living at Ft. Irwin, to plummet, this, in turn, causing me to be anti-social. The only escape I had from this downward spiraling path was sports, and even this was very little help. I disliked everyone on my teams, they disliked me, and the only reason I played was to spite them. So, one must ask themselves, what caused this change? What caused the change from the depressed, anti-social freshman to the happy, fun-loving junior? Many things caused me to transform from who I was then to who I am now. After a few months I started to become accustomed to Edwards AFB; I began to see the good in my new home. I credit my realizing how good Edwards AFB could be to the fact that I had finally made some f...

Caltural change of the organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Caltural change of the organization - Essay Example The organizational or cultural guidelines or expectations prescribe appropriate kinds of behavior that its employees should implement in particular situations. The following paragraphs will explain in detail how corporate cultural values controls the behavior of each organizational members towards one another from organizational values (Hill, 2001) Generally, top management officers could try to determine whether to continue with the current corporate culture or to change it. They may want to impose corporate values and standards of behavior in order to particularly reflect the objectives of the organization. In addition, there are generally standing internal cultures within the company’s workforce (Edsforth,2005) And, the interplay of post-industrial technologies, new organizational practices and wider social influences is effecting changes in corporate production and culture. This is debated that the deliberate reconstruction of corporate culture reconstructs the culture of the 20th century workplace(Casey, 2007). Furthermore, all the work groups within a corporation have their individual behavioral idiosyncrasies and communications that that influences the entire organization. Clearly, top management can willingly be infused outside culture into its work environment. For clarity, computer technicians usually have independently gained the expertise, language and behaviors of the organization, but the attendance of these technicians may affect the culture of the organization in its entirety. In the article How to make Life Changes Using Psychologist Kurt Lewin’s Unfreeze –Change – Freeze Method. Lose weight, change careers and more using this three step process(Goss, 2007) emphasized that most people hate change. But again, there is very popular saying that goes nothing in this world is permanent except change. For change compels

Leadership management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership management - Research Paper Example The research is aimed at evaluating and understanding the leadership management practices in a selected organization which is the Tige Restaurant located in Wellington. The research is introduced by identifying the scopes of the research work with a consideration of the literary works done on similar topics till date. This is followed by the formulation of the research questions and research objectives. Suitable research methodologies which would be used to collect, analyse and interpret data are identified and explained wherein the importance of qualitative data collection through the use of questionnaire and sampling is identified to be relevant to the study. The collected data are analysed and interpreted and the findings are documented to reach to a suitable conclusion for the study. The report is concluded with the provision of relevant recommendations which can be used by the management of the chosen organization. The research paper is prepared on the topic of leadership management and leadership communication of Tige restaurant. The restaurant is a well-known Chinese restaurant situated in Wellington. The research is conducted with the aim of evaluating the leadership styles, leadership communication leadership practices and the overall leadership management in the Tige restaurant. The research is likely to be an important asset in the literary works of leadership management and leadership communication. Leadership communication and management has evolved as critical factors for the success of business organizations across the globe. As such, the study on this topic is expected to add value to the research works done in this field. The main objectives of the research are to evaluate the existing leadership principles and leadership management practices as followed in the chosen company which is the Tige restaurant. The research would take into consideration the aspects of leadership management, leadership styles, leadership

Self Determination Theory in Teaching

Self Determination Theory in Teaching In the United Kingdom it is compulsory for all children to receive schooling until the age of sixteen. In the present educational climate it is foreseeable that this age limit could be extended to eighteen. In light of this, it is my firm belief that a teacher must not only have well-grounded subject knowledge and an intimate understanding of relevant pedagogy, but an effective teacher must also be able to motivate students to learn. However, to be a proficient motivator one has to understand the rudiments of what it is that drives and motivates people to act. This has long been the endeavor of Motivation Theory a well-established and active area of research within the field of psychology. It has clear links to many of the other social sciences, including education. Setting the scene As a trainee teacher I have a keen (somewhat vested) interest in understanding theories of motivation. In this review I will be placing an emphasis on Self-Determination Theory, its sub-theories, and ultimately its realization in the form of Sudbury schools. However, I would first like to develop the necessary historical context within which to discuss it. Between the 1930s and 1950s Motivation Theory was dominated by Clark Hulls work on biological Drive-Reduction. This was one of the earliest attempts to systematize and formalize our understanding of motivation. Hull posited that humans seek to maintain a state of homeostasis. He said that we have drives which arise in response to biological needs such as hunger and thirst. These drives motivate us to act in order to reduce their effects and hence maintain homeostasis. Hulls work was gradually superseded as researchers abandoned biological theories for cognitive alternatives. 1952 saw the publishing of Robert W. Whites Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence. In this article White first conceived the idea of competence motivation which one might describe in laymans terms as people like playing to their strengths. White said that we are motivated towards behaviour that makes us feel competent, knowledgeable or powerful. The fifties also saw the emergence of Incentive theories as pioneered by the likes of Berrhus Frederic Skinner. These focused principally on research into operant conditioning, behavior modification through reinforcement, punishment and extinction (Skinner, 1938). Skinners theories were notably criticized by none other than renowned intellectual Noam Chomsky (Chomsky, 1967). In his review Chomsky undermined the scientific credibility of Skinners methodology, claiming that his work was merely an emulation of science. In 1956 Leon Festinger published When Prophesy Fails, now regarded as a seminal book for its development of the cognitive dissonance theory of motivation. Festinger, building on Piagets concept of disequilibrium, believed that humans are motivated to reduce dissonance to such an extent that one can change anothers attitudes by altering their behavior or vice versa. This has since been a highly successful and extensively studied theory of motivation. Until this point psychology had been split into two competing paradigms; behavioural (subject-object relationships) and Freudian (psychoanalysis). In the 1960s a new generation of researchers came to the fore, rejecting this apparent dichotomy and spawning the so-called Third Force in psychology, focusing on human aspects such as fulfillment, self-actualization and meaning; concepts which so far had been omitted from most leading theories. The key player during this era was Abraham Maslow. He had rejected Freudian analysis as he perceived its focus to be pointed far too much towards sex and violence. He also rejected behaviourist approaches because they were overly impersonal and failed to address what he termed higher motives of human beings. Maslows ideas about motivation are best illustrated by his eponymous hierarchy of needs; a tiered pyramidal structure. The bottom tier of the hierarchy is comprised of biological needs; above those are security needs, relationship needs, self-e steem needs and finally self-actualization needs at the top. Maslow believed that when the majority of needs within a tier are met, the individual will become motivated to satiate the needs within the tier above. This process continues until the individual is finally motivated towards self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). Maslows theory has proven difficult to test experimentally, and although conceivably true, it fails to provide satisfactory explanations for many exceptional cases, and has duly received significant criticism (Wahba Bridgewell, 1976). Self-Determination Theory So far I have highlighted but a few of the salient developments within Motivation Theory from the mid twentieth century. I would now like to limit my focus to one in particular, Self-Determination Theory (SDT). SDT is a relatively contemporary meta-theory of motivation; its origins can be found in the early works of Richard Ryan and Edward Deci at the University of Rochester (Deci, 1971). At the time of its conception Ryan and Deci realized that aspects of competing humanistic, behavioural, cognitive and post-modern theories could be unified into a contiguous whole; forming what eventually became SDT (Deci Ryan, 2002). The name Self-Determination Theory is now regarded as an umbrella term for a broader collection of five sub-theories, each of which I shall review in turn. Much of SDT has evolved from initial studies into the dualistic notions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation e.g. Lepper et al. (1973). SDT places emphasis on humans natural intrinsic tendencies to explore, develo p, learn and create without reward. This attitude is in stark contrast to the operant ideas purported by Skinner, who insisted that all behaviour is motivated by reward (Skinner, 1953). An assumption of SDT is that humans have an innate tendency to assimilate their ongoing experiences into a unified and integrated sense of self (Horn, 2008, p.134). The increasing level of interest in SDT is self-evident given the large number of meta-analyses, reviews and special issues within the research literature (Hagger Chatzisarantis, 2008). Classifying motivation For over thirty years researchers have differentiated motives into two broad categories, which ultimately reflect the locus of motivation. Intrinsically motivated behaviour is when an individual wants to act of their own volition, because a task is interesting or challenging, or purely for the sake of it. It is internally-sourced motivation, inherently connected with the individuals attitudes and sense of self. Extrinsically motivated behaviour is a response to an external factor such as a promise of reward or threat of punishment; often misaligned with the attitudes of the individual (Ryan Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation has proven to be of great interest to educational psychologists, as it can be catalyzed or undermined by parent and teacher practices, and fosters improved learning and creativity (Ryan Stiller, 1991). My own sentiments are in accordance with Ryan and Decis views on intrinsic motivation with an attitude of willingness that reflects an inner acceptance of the value or utility of a task the extrinsic goal is self-endorsed and thus adopted with a sense of volition. (Ryan Deci, 2000). The process of accepting an external motive and internalizing it as a new source intrinsic motivation is referred to as integration. It is no secret that teachers often have to deliver material which is either boring or dull. Therefore, knowledge of strategies for encouraging integration would clearly be advantageous when motivating students. Cognitive Evaluation Theory The first sub-theory of SDT is called Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET). This examines how social, environmental and other external factors influence intrinsic motivation by affecting an individuals sense of competence and autonomy. CET offers three prepositions for explaining the impact of these influences. Firstly, changes in intrinsic motivation towards an activity are coupled to an individuals perceived competence at that activity (Deci Ryan, 1985a). Secondly, external attempts to regulate an individuals behaviour can result in increased, decreased or unaltered intrinsic motivation (Deci Ryan, 1985a). Thirdly, influences which an individual perceives as threatening or promoting their sense of autonomy will respectively diminish or develop their intrinsic motivation (Deci Ryan, 1985a). There has been a long and arduously fought debate as to whether or not teachers should employ rewards (extrinsic motivation) in order to encourage their students. Kruglanski et al. (1972) found that rewarding students for participating in a game resulted in a notable decrease in their intrinsic motivation. Similarly, it has been suggested that verbal praise can condition students into behaviour which has the specific intent of elliciting praise, undermining their intrinsic motivation (Deci et al., 2001). The effects of increased perceived autonomy have been studied by Goudas et al. (1995), who found that when students were given more control over the direction of their lessons their intrinsic motivation increased. Similar results where found by Mandigo Holt (2000) who claimed that perceived autonomy also increased the likelihood of students being optimally challenged, that is, taking on challenges in-line with their own skill level. Perceived loss of autonomy has been found to dimin ish students initiative and ability to learn, particularly complex or abstract concepts (Benware Deci, 1984). Related studies have found that students faced with complex tasks performed more highly when intrinsically motivated than when extrinsically motivated (Condry Chambers, 1978). According to Lepper (1988), extrinsically motivated students will only put in the minimum effort required, and tend to undertake less difficult tasks than those who are intrinsically motivated. Lepper (1988) claims that in order to promote intrinsic motivation, activities should be challenging but achievable and stimulate students curiosity. Lepper suggests that teachers can raise intrinsic motivation by contextualizing learning, so that students can appreciate the benefits of what they are doing. The construct of optimal challenge is of fundamental importance not just to SDT, but to other leading motivational theories such as Harters Competence Motivation and Csikszentmihalyis Flow Theory, which all establish connections with intrinsic motivation (Mandigo Holt, 2006). Deci and Ryan (1985) state that optimally challenged individuals will develop increased intrinsic motivation because they experience greater competence at a particular activity. In the literature one often comes across the concept of perceived locus of causality (PLOC). This is where an individual perceives their successes and failures to originate from. When an individual feels in control (perceived autonomy) this is described as an IPLOC (intrinsic). Conversely, when an individual feels they are subordinated by an external agent this is described as an EPLOC (extrinsic). Several studies have revealed that changes in intrinsic motivation can occur without a change in the PLOC (Boal Cummings, 1981; Harackiewicz et al., 1984). This is in disagreement with the third proposition outlined above. Also in contradiction to this proposition are the results of Salancik (1975) who, after rewarding participating students with money (extrinsic motivation), found they reported increased perceptions of control (autonomy). CET predicts that extrinsic motivation should result in a shift in the PLOC, thus undermining intrinsic motivation. There have been alternate theories attempting to explain why rewards might undermine intrinsic motivation. Dickenson posited three ideas; overly repetitive tasks gradual deplete motivation, rewards deemed to be coercive are undermining, and extrinsically motivated actions tend to receive less praise from peers (Dickinson, 1989). Organismic Integration Theory (OIT) The second sub-theory of SDT is called Organismic Integration Theory (OIT). Its primary concerns are modes of behaviour regulation, and the degree to which they are internalized (Deci Ryan, 1985a). Hagger Chatzisarantis (2008) describe it as explaining how people integrate behaviours that are initially non-self-determined. Deci and Ryan (1985) proposed a heuristic continuum of regulatory modes ranging from totally non-self-determined at one end to totally self-determined at the other. The validity of this continuum has since been supported by research (Horn, 2008, p.134): Amotivation total absence of motivation, linked to perceived incompetence. External regulation a form of compliance to external influences, the removal of which will likely cause an individual to cease a particular behaviour. Introjection acting on self-imposed pressures such as guilt, or finding self-esteem in the perceived approval of others. Identification consciously acknowledging the value of undertaking a particular behaviour. Integration internalization of regulation such that it is entirely compatible with attitudes and sense of self, still as a means to an end. Intrinsic regulation internalization of regulation, undertaking activities for their own sake and enjoyment with no regard to external factors. One has to be careful not to confuse the term external with extrinsic. Certain extrinsic modes of regulation are perceived to be equally as internal to an individual as intrinsic motivation. They are extrinsic in the sense that they contingent on external consequences, but internal in the sense that the motivation emanates from within. It thus makes sense to also delineate between internal and intrinsic. All intrinsic motivation is inherently internal, but not all internal motivation is intrinsic. One can be as tyrannical toward oneself as others can be. The issue is not so much whether the source of control is oneself or another, but whether or not one is being controlled (Deci Ryan, 1985). Causality Orientation Theory (COT) The third sub-theory of SDT is concerned with how individuals perceive the events which initiate, regulate and hence mediate the level of self-determination of their behaviour, viz. their causality orientation (Deponte, 2004). This new personality dimension grew out of prior work laid down by Heider and deCharms (Deci Ryan, 1985b). The General Causality Orientations Scale was synthesized by Deci Ryan, (1985b) as a fairly persistent means for characterizing aspects of personality and motivation. They outlined three orientations, namely autonomy, control and impersonal, then measured how subjects responded to various hypothetical situations (Horn, 2008). Autonomy oriented individuals have higher self-esteem (Horn, 2008), are self-initiating and actively pursue opportunities for self-determination; structuring their lives around their own goals and interests. These individuals exhibit a higher degree of intrinsic motivation and hence maintain greater self-determination in the face of extrinsic influences. External rewards hold little influence over these individuals and merely serve to affirm their competence (Deci Ryan, 1985b). Control oriented individuals interpret their behaviours as originating from, and being regulated by, external or internal controls. These individuals depend on pressure, surveillance, deadlines, threats and expectations to motivate their actions. They experience the world in terms of defiance and compliance (Deci Ryan, 1985b). Impersonal oriented individuals can experience helplessness and deem their actions as out of their hands. They perceive themselves as unable to influence the course of their own lives. Impersonal orientation is correlated with depressive attitudes and feelings of incompetence (Deci Ryan, 1985b). Recently published research conducted by Friedman et al. (2009) has claimed that extrinsically motivated individuals can become intrinsically motivated by observing the behaviour of an intrinsically motivated individual. Basic Needs Theory Now to the fourth sub-theory of SDT, Basic Needs Theory (BNT). This sub-theory posits that intrinsic motivation originates from a universal, biologically-hard-wired need to achieve autonomy, competence and relatedness. An individual will not experience complete fulfillment of a specific need unless all three are satisfied in concert. Due to the fundamental nature of these needs, humans have a natural preference to act on intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation (Deci Ryan, 2000). BNT has empirical backing which supports it as a culturally independent theory (Sheldon et al., 2001). Goal Contents Theory The fifth and final sub-theory of SDT is called Goal Contents Theory (GCT). Within this construct a goals contents is described as either intrinsic or extrinsic. Classic examples of extrinsic contents are fame, wealth, physical appearance, reputation and most other materialistic or superficial motives. In contrast, intrinsic contents tend to be concerned with personal development and acceptance, community contribution, health, fulfillment and establishing meaningful relationships (Kasser Ryan, 1996). The pursuit of intrinsic goals has been suggested to satiate the three fundamental needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness, and hence facilitates the growth of intrinsic motivation (Vansteenkiste et al., 2003). The opposite effect has been proposed for the pursuit of extrinsic goals (Vansteenkiste et al., 2007). Self-Determination Theory in summary and in context A review of such fascinating research literature would seem rather pointless if no practical applications were to emerge from it. For this reason I have distilled some of the salient ideas into a more digestible form, in the hope that theory may be put into practice. In the context of education, teachers need only remember the following outline of SDT: All people have three basic needs (competence, autonomy and relatedness). Satisfying these needs has been shown to promote intrinsic (self) motivation. Intrinsic (self) motivation has been shown to improve students learning and performance. Teachers should employ strategies which help students to satisfy their three basic needs. The task for teachers is therefore to find effective strategies for helping their students to feel competent within their subject, to feel in control of their own learning and have input into what goes on in lessons, and to feel that their views, opinions and work are appreciated and respected. Key advice for the research-informed classroom The use of computers in the classroom gives the students a sense of privacy, autonomy and self-pacing (Underwood Brown, 1997). Research has shown that positive and negative feedback can subsequently increase and decrease students perceived competence and hence intrinsic motivation (Vallerand Reid, 1984). Offering tangible rewards in order to coerce or encourage students will undermine their intrinsic motivation. The effect has less impact if rewards are presented unexpectedly (Deci et al., 2001, p.4). Verbal praise which is intended to control students behaviour will undermine their intrinsic motivation (Deci et al., 2001, p.4). evidence suggests that teachers support of students basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness facilitates students autonomous self-regulation for learning, academic performance, and wellbeing (Niemiec Ryan, 2009). Give students choice, and freedom to decide what they learn and how (Goudas et al., 1995). Contextualize learning so that students know why they are learning things (Lepper, 1988). Teachers can raise intrinsic motivation by showing enthusiasm (Friedman et al., 2009). Sudbury Schools These schools employ a system of complete educational democracy in which students and teachers are treated as equals. There is no formal curriculum per se, as students decide on what they would like to learn. In addition, Sudbury schools do not grade, evaluate or assess their students performance. All learning is intrinsically motivated and optimally challenging. The first Sudbury school was Sudbury Valley School, Massachusetts which opened in 1968. There are presently over thirty such schools around the world, although predominately in the United States and Japan. In some Sudbury schools there are no well-defined classrooms, and it is common for students to be mixed by age. Students in these schools have a significant role in the recruitment and dismissal of staff. Visitors have often described the students as being in a state of perpetual recreation (Holzman, 1997). Sudbury schools are a testament to and realization of SDT in the domain of education.

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

Huck Finn IT would be most an hour yet till breakfast, so we left and struck down into the woods; because Tom said we got to have some light to see how to dig by, and a lantern makes too much, and might get us into trouble; what we must have was a lot of them rotten chunks that's called fox-fire, and just makes a soft kind of a glow when you lay them in a dark place. We fetched an armful and hid it in the weeds, and set down to rest, and Tom says, kind of dissatisfied: "Blame it, this whole thing is just as easy and awkward as it can be. And so it makes it so rotten difficult to get up a difficult plan. There ain't no watchman to be drugged -- now there ought to be a watchman. There ain't even a dog to give a sleeping-mixture to. And there's Jim chained by one leg, with a ten-foot chain, to the leg of his bed: why, all you got to do is to lift up the bedstead and slip off the chain. And Uncle Silas he trusts everybody; sends the key to the punkin-headed nigger, and don't send nobody to watch the nigger. Jim could a got out of that window-hole before this, only there wouldn't be no use trying to travel with a ten-foot chain on his leg. Why, drat it, Huck, it's the stupidest arrangement I ever see. You got to invent all the difficulties. Well, we can't help it; we got to do the best we can with the materials we've got. Anyhow, there's one thing -- there's more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers, where there warn't one of them furnished to you by the people who it was their duty to furnish them, and you had to contrive them all out of your own head. Now look at just that one thing of the lantern. When you come down to the cold facts, we simply got to let on that a lantern's resky. Why, we could work with a torchlight procession if we wanted to, I believe. Now, whilst I think of it, we got to hunt up something to make a saw out of the first chance we get." "What do we want of a saw? Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers Huck Finn IT would be most an hour yet till breakfast, so we left and struck down into the woods; because Tom said we got to have some light to see how to dig by, and a lantern makes too much, and might get us into trouble; what we must have was a lot of them rotten chunks that's called fox-fire, and just makes a soft kind of a glow when you lay them in a dark place. We fetched an armful and hid it in the weeds, and set down to rest, and Tom says, kind of dissatisfied: "Blame it, this whole thing is just as easy and awkward as it can be. And so it makes it so rotten difficult to get up a difficult plan. There ain't no watchman to be drugged -- now there ought to be a watchman. There ain't even a dog to give a sleeping-mixture to. And there's Jim chained by one leg, with a ten-foot chain, to the leg of his bed: why, all you got to do is to lift up the bedstead and slip off the chain. And Uncle Silas he trusts everybody; sends the key to the punkin-headed nigger, and don't send nobody to watch the nigger. Jim could a got out of that window-hole before this, only there wouldn't be no use trying to travel with a ten-foot chain on his leg. Why, drat it, Huck, it's the stupidest arrangement I ever see. You got to invent all the difficulties. Well, we can't help it; we got to do the best we can with the materials we've got. Anyhow, there's one thing -- there's more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers, where there warn't one of them furnished to you by the people who it was their duty to furnish them, and you had to contrive them all out of your own head. Now look at just that one thing of the lantern. When you come down to the cold facts, we simply got to let on that a lantern's resky. Why, we could work with a torchlight procession if we wanted to, I believe. Now, whilst I think of it, we got to hunt up something to make a saw out of the first chance we get." "What do we want of a saw?

Essay on Government Spending

Fall 12 Fall 12 Brigham Young University Brigham Young University 08 Fall 08 Fall Essay #3 Nguyen Bui A HTG 100, # 103 Essay #3 Nguyen Bui A HTG 100, # 103 People should be treated indifferently regardless of their wealth and social standings. Yet, in reality, societies have experienced economical inequalities due to pay scales, tax brackets, and education level. A research study on 23 developed countries and 50 states of the US has shown that countries with higher degree of inequality tend to have higher rates of health, social problems and lower rates of social welfare.To resolve such inequality, the U. S government has consistently intervened by alleviating poverty and redistributing income in different forms of transfer payments such as welfare, Medicare, Social Security and employer-provided health insurance. Despite the good intentions, these programs, which involved large spending, haven’t been entirely effective in helping the poor. Therefore, even though the poor migh t suffer from an extensive economic inequality, the government cannot intervene by levying these transfer payments to focus on the equal outcome rather than personal freedom.Many studies have shown that transfer payments didn’t help to redistribute income. According to Dwight R. Lee, only 25% of $500 billion spent yearly on public assistance and social insurance programs were distributed through Medicaid, food stamps, Social Security, etc and 75% were allocated regardless of need. This suggests that a large portion of financial aid from the government went to those who were not in need. These programs were therefore proven ineffective since their means were to help the poor but the poor didn’t actually receive the exact benefits the taxpayers gave up.One of the reasons was that these transfer payments’ policy wasn’t specific enough, so their main purpose of feeding only the poor hasn’t been accomplished. In addition, when taxpayers were taken money away to help the poor, their personal freedom was constrained because they couldn’t do whatever they want on their earnings completely, even in helping the poor themselves. More importantly, many poor people receive no more than the average income people and the transfers they get are worth less to them.Out of the 25% payment transferred that were means-tested, only about 30% was in cash and the remaining 70% came in the form of in-kind transfers such as food stamps, housing, and medical care. These in-kind transfers are less preferable to the poor as cash provides more spending flexibility. For every dollar the government spends, only 25 cents are transferred to the poor. Out of those 25 cents, only 75% or 19 cents is the actual cash the poor can receive and use for whatever they need. Even though the poor still receive a cash portion through these transfer payments, the cash amount is not enough to satisfy their daily need.Those programs don’t help the poor as much as expected and as a result, the poor are still poor and the income inequality still remains unresolved. Also, it is disappointing to taxpayers because they can no longer use their own money to help the poor, and the money they give up doesn’t maximize the poor’s utility either. Some of the basic supporting arguments for transfer programs are that they help to reduce income inequality and social stratification. Particularly, the mathematical function explains this argument: W= min (Y1, Y2, †¦, Yn).This function states that society’s utility (W) is dependent on the least of individual utility, which is the poorest in terms of income. Thus, the poor have to be prioritized when income is distributed until all are equal. This is totally reasonable since a society would be fair only if the bottom individuals were also well taken care of. The advocates of these transfer payments also argue that transfer payments even though can’t help to redistribute incom e equally, at least they help the poor become better and thus, social welfare would increase as a whole.However, they probably never pay attention to the result. They probably haven’t asked themselves this question: is the money actually transferred from the rich to the poor? Many studies have shown a striking fact that most government transfers are not from the rich to the poor. Instead, government takes from the relatively unorganized parties, like tax payers and consumers, and gives to elderly, sugar farmers, and steel producers, considered as the relatively organized parties.As mentioned above, only 25% of all the money spent yearly on public assistance and social insurance programs were distributed through Medicaid, food stamps, Social Security, and 75% were allocated regardless of need. People tend to believe that whatever tax amount they pay, either federal or state or social security tax, the money would be fully transferred to the poor. But they have failed to recogn ize whether the transfer payments go to the poor or people who don’t need it. They end up losing their spending flexibility to only help the poor a little.Would people still see the necessity of these programs if they realize that the poor don’t get as much as they really need? Overall, the redistribution of income is important because inequality can only cause complex issues for society as a whole. But the most effective way of income redistribution remains controversial. While most people believe transfer programs are helpful because they help to balance income between the rich and the poor, I believe this is not an ultimate solution for such a long-standing issue.The statistics are self-explanatory; these programs didn’t result in a good outcome for the poor and the poor were still unsatisfied after all. It’s the time for us to make changes, whether to alternate these programs or totally get rid of them so that taxpayers no longer have to pay a large s um of money to help only a little to those in need. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better [ 2 ]. Dwight R. Lee, Redistribution of Income

The Student Information Above Of Primary Importance

The student information above is of primary importance because it gives me an initial idea of where the students are academically and who they are culturally. It also allows me to gain a picture of who my students are in the areas of abilities and multiple intelligences/learning styles. This information has been and will be used to help guide both the long and short range plans for this school year. The third block ELA Class a combination of Low to High level students as evident from their 2015 Spring MAP Reading scores. 11 % of students scored high in overall performance, 16% of students scored high Average in overall performance, 32% of students scored Average in overall performance, 5% of students scored Low Average in overall†¦show more content†¦The sixth block ELA Class a combination of Low to High Average level students as evident from their 2015 Spring MAP Reading scores. 5% of students scored high Average in overall performance, 21% of students scored Average in overall performance, 21% of students scored Low Average in overall performance and 53% of students scored Low in overall performance. This information will be used to help me decide how to group my students for small group sessions, group work, and remediation. It will also help me to know which students need help in order to grow academically and which students to challenge to ensure that they continue learning and excelling. The information also allows an understanding of the students’ English proficiency and their reading level; which are important in planning and implementing instructional strategies. I believe that all of the developmental goals listed are important for students’ continued growth and learning. These development goals will be implemented in such a way to ensure that students will be able to develop analytical and interpretive skills in literature; develop linguistic competency; develop listening skills, oral, and written communication skills and develop reasoning skills in the language arts. These are skills that every student should have in order to have a complete understanding of any and all literature they will come across in